Central Coast monarch butterfly sightings

If you live on the Central Coast or visit during the fall or winter, you’ve likely seen monarch butterflies making their way along the annual migration path. Driving down the freeway, you might catch the bright orange and black flash of monarch wings as they flit as fast as they can across the road,  fighting the wind whipped up by traffic. These insect athletes are built for distance rather than speed. The Western monarch’s annual migration of up to 3,000 miles is the longest on record, but their estimated average flight speed of of 5.5 mph (9 kph) is considerably slower than other species, including skippers which have been clocked at more than 35 mph.

This video shows monarchs in Mexico, the southernmost reach of their migration path, and includes some slow motion portions that allow you to see each wing beat as they fly.

If you’re out for a walk, you might see a monarch alight on a nectar-rich flower, stretching its wings flat as solar panels to catch the warmth of the sun. If you know where to find the butterfly groves that dot the Central Coast, including twelve spots between North Morro Bay and Los Osos, you might see them in a different light. Seeking respite from the coastal winds, they cluster together in tall trees with their wings closed against the cold, each group of monarchs looking like so many dead and rustling leaves, ready to fall.

Monarchs come to California’s Central Coast to escape cold winters in the north

Starting in October, monarch butterflies fill the branches of eucalyptus, Monterey pines, and other trees along California’s Central Coast. They cluster together high above the ground, looking much like bunches of dead leaves unless you use a spotting scope to take a closer look, or catch a flash of their black and orange wings as a butterfly moves away from its cluster to a sunny spot where it will open its wings and take in the sun’s warmth.

Monarch butterflies come here to ride out the winter in our moderate climate, traveling a migration path that is more than 1,000 miles long to escape the cold temperatures of the Rockies and other areas to the north.

These monarchs were spotted in Montana de Oro State Park, just south of the Morro Bay watershed. Photograph courtesy of Sandy/Chuck Harris, via Flickr Creative Commons license.

One full migration takes multiple generations

One monarch butterfly alone cannot make the journey from north to south and back again. The monarch butterflies that settle in on the California Central Coast and Mexico this time of year began their journey from the northernmost reaches of the monarch’s range around mid-August. They stay here until February or March, feeding on nectar, sunning themselves to keep warm, and resting in their clusters. When temperatures begin to rise in February and March, they mate, lay their eggs on any milkweed plants they can find, and then die.

When the next generation of monarchs emerges, they begin the migration northward. This group of monarchs is referred to as the first generation. They will feed and move generally north for two to six weeks before they, too, mate, lay eggs, and die. This first generation is followed by two or three more generations that complete successive legs of the journey to the north.

Typically, the third or fourth generation will reach the northernmost stretch of their range around June. The eggs they lay will produce the late-summer generation of monarchs, which will begin the journey southward in mid-August. While it takes multiple generations for the monarchs to move north, this final generation of monarchs—sometimes called the Super Generation— flies the entire migration path from north to south before overwintering and starting the cycle over again. To accomplish this feat, this final generation lives between six and nine months, which is at least four times longer than each of the previous generations.

Western monarchs are disappearing

The drastic decline of the Western monarch population between the 1980s and today has been in the news for the past few years. It is estimated that as many as 4.5 million butterflies overwintered on the coast of California and Baja, Mexico during the 1980s. According to the Xerces society—an international science-based nonprofit that works to conserve invertebrates, including butterflies—the number of monarchs surveyed along the same stretch had dropped by 97% as of the mid-2010s and 99% as of now.

Scientists have cited several reasons for the dramatic loss.

 

Lack of native milkweed

One reason for this reduction in numbers revolves around the loss of essential native milkweed plants along the monarchs’ migration path. These plants provide a place for the monarchs to lay their eggs and allow their larvae to feed on of them. Milkweed plants are also a food source for monarch caterpillars.

By consuming the milky juice of the plant, caterpillars become toxic for birds and other predators, discouraging their consumption. Native milkweed plants are often cut down for agriculture or other development. Fewer milkweed plants means less food for caterpillars, reduced protection from predators, and fewer places for adults to lay eggs. The number of monarchs decreases in response to these challenges.

Insecticides and herbicides

The use of insecticides both in agriculture and for landscaping purposes is a major threat to monarchs. Butterflies that travel over farm fields are especially at risk, but chemical pesticides can also drift in the wind leading to contamination outside of agricultural areas that may also affect monarchs and other butterflies. In addition, herbicides used to kill weeds can also kill native plants, including the milkweed butterflies must lay their eggs on.

Lack of nectar-producing plants to fuel their journey

Another problem that adult monarchs face is a shortage of nectar-producing plants that the first through fourth generations must feed on as they migrate north. Whereas butterflies used to have wide open lands to travel across and plenty of flowering plants to feed on, increased housing and industrial development as well as large-scale farming operations have replaced wild lands, contributing to this shortage. Herbicides also contribute by killing flowering plants along the migration path. Without enough food, monarchs cannot successfully migrate or produce the next generation to continue the journey.

Numbers are still declining and scientists need our help

Despite efforts by organizations and agencies like the Xerces Society, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and California State Parks to help monarchs by conserving habitat along their migration path, encouraging people to plant native milkweed and nectar-producing plants, and working to curb the use of harmful insecticides and herbicides, the number of monarchs found at overwintering sites along the Pacific coast dropped drastically during the winter of 2018–2019.

What the Monarch Count data show

Data reported during the Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count showed an 86% drop in the overwintering population along California’s Pacific coast between 2017 and 2018. Records show that 192,668 were counted during the 2017 effort while less than 30,000 were counted in both 2018 and 2019. During the 2020 Thanksgiving count, volunteers at the Pismo State Beach Butterfly Grove counted a mere 200 butterflies.

These numbers are concerning on their own, but they become even more worrisome in the light of scientists’ estimate that 30,000 monarchs may be the extinction threshold for the species.

Community members help scientists gather the data they need

Data gathered by citizen scientists during the annual Thanksgiving and New Year’s monarch counts is what brought these numbers to the scientific community’s attention. This data is essential in helping to paint a full picture of the threats that monarch butterflies face. It also helps us understand what we still might be able to do to help conserve this iconic species of transnational pollinators.

The 2020 New year’s Count happened December 26, 2020 through January 10, 2021, with several sites in San Luis Obispo County represented. We’ll share the results of the year’s count as soon as they are available.

Watch this training video to learn about how volunteers help with the Thanksgiving and New Year’s counts. Then, mark your calendar and get ready to participate next year!

You can also find more information online at the Western Monarch Count Resource Center.

Other steps you can take to help the Western monarch butterfly species survive

To learn why this iconic butterfly species is in trouble and see what you can do at home to help them survive, read our companion post on Western monarch butterflies, “Western Monarchs Need Our Help: Reasons for Monarch Decline and What You Can Do.”

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